This first section will focus first on glycolysis, a process where the monosaccharide glucose is oxidized, releasing the energy stored in its bonds to produce ATP. This final process of cellular respiration harnesses the energy delivered by NADH and FADH 2 to drive ATP synthase to produce 34 ATP per glucose. The electron transport chain transfers electrons through electron carriers, ultimately to oxygen in a process called oxidative phosphorylaton. Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle produce a small amount of ATP (2 ATP per pathway), but the majority of the ATP produced by aerobic metabolism is achieved when the products of glyolysis and the citric acid, NADH and FADH 2, carry their electrons to the electron transport chain. When oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules will then be converted to acetyl CoA which enters the mitochondria and enters the citric acid cycle. ![]() To start the process, a glucose molecule will get modified to two pyruvate molecules in the metabolic pathway called glycolysis. The goal of cellular respiration is to produce ATP for use by the body to power physiological processes. Once the absorbed monosaccharides are transported to the tissues, the process of cellular respiration begins ( Figure 24.2.1). Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the action of salivary amylase on starches, continues in the duodenum with the action of pancreatic amylase, and ends with monosaccharides being absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine. ![]() Polysaccharides serve as energy storage (e.g., starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g., chitin in insects and cellulose in plants).ĭuring digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into simple, soluble sugars that can be transported across the intestinal wall into the circulatory system to be transported throughout the body. The complex sugars are also called polysaccharides and are made of multiple monosaccharide molecules. Glucose and fructose are examples of simple sugars, and starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all examples of complex sugars. The family of carbohydrates includes both simple and complex sugars. Summarize the process of gluconeogenesisĬarbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.Describe the process of ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation.Explain the transport of electrons through the electron transport chain.Describe the pathway of a pyruvate molecule through the Krebs cycle.Describe how, when, and why the body metabolizes carbohydrates.Describe how the body digests carbohydrates.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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